COMPUTER: THROUGHOUT THE HISTORY

“The purpose of technology is not to confuse the brain but to serve the body.”

– William S. Burroughs

Technology is a collection of skills, technique, and methods. A science or knowledge put into practical use to solve problems or invent useful tools. It serves convenience to every living things.

Computer is one of the symbol of technology. But, where did it came from? Who invented this?

1837 – Analytical Engine

The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage. It was first described in1837 as the successor to Babbage’s difference engine, a design for a mechanical computer. Analytical Engine by Charles Babbage

1936 – Z1

A man named Konrad Zuse, a german engineer, invented the world’s first programmable computer, the “Z1” . It was an electrically driven mechanical calculator with limited programmability, reading instructions from punched celluloid film. Unfortunately, Z1 was destroyed during WWII. But, he came back in 1941 to finish the “Z3“. It was used for aerodynamic calculations but was destroyed in a bombing raid on Berlin in late 1943. Zuse later supervised a reconstruction of the Z3 in the 1960s, which is currently on display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich.


Konrad Zuse

1939 – HP

An American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California. It is the Hewlett-Packard. It is founded by David Packard and Bill Hewlett in their own garage. HP 200A Audio Oscillator is their first product, rapidly became a popular piece of test equipment for engineers. Image result for hewlett packard Bill Hewlett and David Packard

1948 – Manchester Baby

University of Manchester researchers Frederic Williams, Tom Kilburn, and Geoff Toothill developed the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), better known as the Manchester “Baby.” It was built to test a new memory technology developed by Williams and Kilburn — soon known as the Williams Tube – which was the first electronic random access memory for computers. The first program, consisting of seventeen instructions and written by Kilburn, ran on June 21st, 1948. This was the first program to ever run on an electronic stored-program computer. Related image Frederic Williams and Tom Kilburn

1948 – ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)

The world’s first general-purpose computer was created, the ENIAC computing system that was built by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania. It is over 1,000 times faster than any previous computer. ENIAC used panel-to-panel wiring and switches for programming, occupied more than 1,000 square feet, used about 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed 30 tons. It was believed that ENIAC had done more calculation over the ten years it was in operation than all of humanity had until that time. Image result for eniac ENIAC

1951 – First UNIVAC

The Univac 1 is the first commercial computer to attract widespread public attention. Although manufactured by Remington Rand, the machine was often mistakenly referred to as “the IBM Univac.” Univac computers were used in many different applications but utilities, insurance companies and the US military were major customers. One biblical scholar even used a Univac 1 to compile a concordance to the King James version of the Bible. Created by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly — designers of the earlier ENIAC computer — the Univac 1 used 5,200 vacuum tubes and weighed 29,000 pounds. Remington Rand eventually sold 46 Univac 1s at more than $1 million each. Image result for univac UNIVAC

1952 – IAS Computer

The IAS machine was the first electronic computer to be built at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey. It is sometimes called the von Neumann machine, since the paper describing its design was edited by John von Neumann, a mathematics professor at both Princeton University and IAS. Image result for ias computer IAS Computer

1961 – NEAC 2203

The NEAC (Nippon Electric Automatic Computer) includes a CPU, console, paper tape reader and punch, printer and magnetic tape units. It was exclusively sold in Japan, and it could process alphabetic and Japanese kana characters. Image result for neac 2203 NEAC 2203

1964 – CDC 6600

The CDC 6600 was the flagship of the 6000 series of mainframe computer systems manufactured by Control Data Corporation. Generally considered to be the first successful supercomputer, it outperformed the industry’s prior recordholder, the IBM 7030 Stretch, by a factor of three. Image result for cdc 6600 supercomputer CDC 6600 supercomputer

1971 – Intel’s first microprocessor

The Intel 4004 is a 4-bit central processing unit released by Intel Corporation in 1971. It was the first commercially available microprocessor by Intel, and the first in a long line of Intel CPUs. Developed for Busicom, a Japanese calculator maker, the 4004 had 2250 transistors and could perform up to 90,000 operations per second in four-bit chunks. Image result for intel 4004 Intel 4004

1976 – Apple-1

Designed by Steve Wozniak from Sunnyvale, California and marketed by his friend, Steve Jobs, the Apple-1 is a single-board computer for enthusiasts. With an order for 50 assembled systems from Mountain View, California computer store The Byte Shop in hand, the duo started a new company, naming it Apple Computer, Inc. In all, about 200 of the boards were sold before Apple announced the follow-on Apple II a year later as a ready-to-use computer for consumers, a model which sold in the millions for almost twenty years. Image result for apple 1 Apple-1

1982 – IBM PC (Personal Computers)

The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. The IBM PC revolutionized business computing by becoming the first PC to gain widespread adoption by industry. The IBM PC was widely copied (“cloned”) and led to the creation of a vast “ecosystem” of software, peripherals, and other commodities for use with the platform. Image result for ibm pc 1982 IBM PC

1984 – Apple introduces Macintosh

The Macintosh was the first successful mouse-driven computer with a graphical user interface and was based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor. Its price was $2,500. Applications that came as part of the package included MacPaint, which made use of the mouse, and MacWrite, which demonstrated WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) word processing. Macintosh

1988 – NeXT Cube

The NeXT had three Motorola microprocessors and 8 MB of RAM. Its base price was $6,500. Some of its other innovations were the inclusion of a magneto-optical (MO) disk drive, a digital signal processor and the NeXTSTEP programming environment (later released as OPENSTEP). This object-oriented multitasking operating system was groundbreaking in its ability to foster rapid development of software applications. OPENSTEP was used as one of the foundations for the new Mac OS operating system soon after NeXT was acquired by Apple in 1996. NeXT Cube

1996 – Palm Pilot

The first generation of Palm-produced devices, the Palm 1000 and 5000, are based around a Motorola microprocessor running at 16MHz, and uses a special gestural input language called “Graffiti,” which is quick to learn and fast. Palm could be connected to a PC or Mac using a serial port to synchronize – “sync” – both computer and Palm. The company called it a ‘connected organizer’ rather than a PDA to emphasize this ability. Image result for palm pilot Palm Pilot

1996 – Sony Vaio

Sony had manufactured and sold computers in Japan, but the VAIO signals their entry into the global computer market. The first VAIO, a desktop computer, featured an additional 3D interface on top of the Windows 95 operating system as a way of attracting new users. The VAIO line of computers would be best known for laptops were designed with communications and audio-video capabilities at the forefront, including innovative designs that incorporated TV and radio tuners, web cameras, and handwriting recognition. The line was discontinued in 2014. Sony Vaio Laptop

2000 – First Camera Phone

Japan’s SoftBank introduces the first camera phone, the J-Phone J-SH04; a Sharp-manufactured digital phone with integrated camera. The camera had a maximum resolution of 0.11 megapixels a 256-color display, and photos could be shared wirelessly. The J-Phone line would quickly expand, releasing a flip-phone version just a month later. Cameras would become a significant part of most phones within a year, and several countries have even passed laws regulating their use. First Camera Phone

2007 – Amazon Kindle

Many companies have attempted to release electronic reading systems dating back to the early 1990s. Online retailer Amazon released the Kindle, one of the first to gain a large following among consumers. The first Kindle featured wireless access to content via Amazon.com, along with an SD card slot allowing increased storage. The first release proved so popular there was a long delay in delivering systems on release. Follow-on versions of the Kindle added further audio-video capabilities. Amazon Kindle

2007 – Apple iPhone

Apple launches the iPhone – a combination of web browser, music player and cell phone – which could download new functionality in the form of “apps” (applications) from the online Apple store. The touchscreen enabled smartphone also had built-in GPS navigation, high-definition camera, texting, calendar, voice dictation, and weather reports. iPhone

2008 – Macbook Air

Apple introduces their first ultra notebook – a light, thin laptop with high-capacity battery. The Air incorporated many of the technologies that had been associated with Apple’s MacBook line of laptops, including integrated camera, and Wi-Fi capabilities. To reduce its size, the traditional hard drive was replaced with a solid-state disk, the first mass-market computer to do so. Macbook Air and Steve Jobs

2011 – iPad

The iPad combines many of the popular capabilities of the iPhone, such as built-in high-definition camera, access to the iTunes Store, and audio-video capabilities, but with a nine-inch screen and without the phone. Apps, games, and accessories helped spur the popularity of the iPad and led to its adoption in thousands of different applications from movie making, creating art, making music, inventory control and point-of-sale systems, to name but a few. iPad

2015 – Apple Watch

Building a computer into the watch form factor has been attempted many times but the release of the Apple Watch leads to a new level of excitement. Incorporating a version of Apple’s iOS operating system, as well as sensors for environmental and health monitoring, the Apple Watch was designed to be incorporated into the Apple environment with compatibility with iPhones and Mac Books. Almost a million units were ordered on the day of release. The Watch was received with great enthusiasm, but critics took issue with the somewhat limited battery life and high price. Apple Watch

References :

COMPUTER: DEFINITION AND FUNCTION

COMPUTER DEFINITIONA computer is a machine or device that performs processes, calculations and operations based on instructions provided by a software or hardware program. It is designed to execute applications and provides a variety of solutions by combining integrated hardware and software components.

Computer is derived from a Latin word “computare” which means to “to calculate”, “to count”, “to sum up” or“to think together”. So, more precisely the word computer means a “device that performs computation“.

images (1).jpeg

The computer is also called an organizer or PC. PC comes from the English name “Personal Computer”.
There are also portable computers known as “laptop”, that are easy to carry from one place to another
because of their smaller size.
Generally, all computers have the same basic computer parts such as: monitor, keyboard, mouse, USB
unit, CD ROM unit, CPU (Central Processing Unit).

A device, usually electronic, that. processes data according to a set ofinstructions. The digital computer storesdata in discrete units and performsarithmetical and logical operations atvery high speed. The analog computerhas no memory and is slower than thedigital computer but has a continuousrather than a discrete input. The hybridcomputer combines some of theadvantages of digital and analogcomputersSee also digital computer,analog computer, hybrid computer

A programmable machine that performshigh-speed processing of numbers, as wellas of text, graphics, symbols, and sound.All computers contain a central processingunit that interprets and executesinstructions; input devices, such as akeyboard and a mouse, through which dataand commands enter the computer;memory that enables the computer to storeprograms and data; and output devices,such as printers and display screens, thatshow the results after the computer hasprocessed data.

COMPUTER FUNCTION

The four functions of a computer actually explain the core reasons why it was built. They include:

Data input
Data processing.
Information output.
Data and information storage.

For example, the user composes a letter by inputting and editing sets of letters, numbers and symbols using a keyboard. The raw data is then processed and viewed real-time via display hardware.

The user may choose to print the letter onto paper, or better still send it via electronic mail to intended recipients.

The same data and information can be retained digitally in disk drives and other media for future reference.

1. Data Input

Every computer is designed with data input as a first function, an activity which is accomplished via input devices.

Data entry is done manually, automatically or both. Manual input is done via add-on peripherals like the keyboard, mouse and stylus. Input can also be accomplished via vocal dictation applications and body gestures peripherals like Kinect and biometric devices. Elsewhere, data input is also done using secondary storage media and networking interfaces.

Application software used for this purpose will also dictate what data is entered. Word processing software is designed to input basic alphanumerical data, while a photo editing application is used to input and manipulate images.

This data may be entered into a database, spreadsheet or other forms of a computerized work area.

Automated applications and robotics can also be used to intelligently feed data into the computer on station or remotely. As an example, tallying of electoral process can be accomplished remotely and automatically.

Nowadays, computers come in all shapes and sizes. From mini-computers to supercomputers and servers, there are options available to suit everyone’s taste and budget. The latest models boast VR technology, 5G connectivity, 4K screens and other advanced features. However, not everyone needs these extras.

The computer operates according to instructions stored in its own memory unit and can accept inputted data, process that data arithmetically; and through sequence-based logic, it can produce information and store the results for future use. All the applications of a computer derive from one of these four functions.

Laptop Keyboard and touchpad

2. Data Processing

Data processing is the core function of a computer. Processing involves manipulation of raw data into before converting it into meaningful information. Usually, data is in raw form, and will thus undergo processing before dissemination for user consumption.

The ‘brain’ of the computer where data is processed is referred to as the microprocessor. It is also commonly known as the central processing unit (CPU) or accelerated processing unit (APU).

The processing chips in modern personal computing devices continue to evolve and outperform its predecessors. One particular evolution is the merger of microprocessor and graphics processing unit (GPU) into what is now known as accelerated processing unit. The merger allows for the integration of powerful graphics processing abilities inside the traditional arithmetic and logical computations of the processor.

Besides the microprocessor, the dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and static random access memory (SRAM) are integral parts of data processing. Data entered via input devices is stored temporarily in DRAM, then transferred to SRAM from where the microprocessor manipulates it.

An AMD microprocessor, inserted onto a laptop motherboard socket

3. Information Output

When raw data has been manipulated by the microprocessor, the outcome is meant to be disseminated for useful purposes. The output is thus referred to as information and is beneficial to the computer user.

Processed data or information can be,

viewed as alphanumeric, images and video via a display hardware
listened to as audio files by use of a speaker
printed as hard copy output onto paper
printed as 3D models

4. Data and Information Storage

The fourth and equally very important function of a computer is data and information storage. After sleepless nights of video and animation creation and editing, the user wants to have the finished product stored for future dissemination and additional editing.

A computer can store information internally and externally. The hard disk drive (HDD) and/or solid-state disk drive (SSD) are internal storage devices and serve to protect and house all data and information on a computer. In bigger systems, the RAID system is used. Multiple disk drives operate simultaneously to ensure data and information integrity.

External storage is achieved through accessories that attach externally to the computer. They include external drives and optical disks.

Better still data and information can be stored online in cloud solutions for a fee or for a fee if large space is required.

Storage integrity is a crucial phase that can actually determine the worth of a computer system. In any case, what use is a computer without data and information?

Information created in the computer can be stored onto CDs and DVDs

References:
1. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/4607/computer

2. http://www.byte-notes.com/what-computer

3. https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=computer+definition&tbm=isch&chips=q:computer+definition,online_chips:simple&client=ms-android-vivo&prmd=ibnv&hl=fil&ved=2ahUKEwiwyrml1_3dAhVE47wKHfidCuAQ4lZ6BAgAECM&biw=360&bih=560#imgrc=_T9kltCv1b-duM

4. https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=computer+&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjwyffB1_3dAhUHDbwKHRaxDcMQ2-cCegQIABAC&oq=computer+&gs_l=mobile-gws-wiz-img.12..41j0i19l5.217428.222266..223397…3.0..0.278.2703.0j5j8……0….1.trQ18ZV9v1g&ei=U-O-W7DUMoea8AWW4raYDA&client=ms-android-vivo&prmd=ibnv&biw=360&bih=560&hl=fil#imgrc=Ml7TZPbPJScz0M

5.https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-functions-computer-91081

6. https://bizfluent.com/list-5900482-five-basic-functions-computer-system.html

7. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/computer

COMPUTER: DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATIONS

Computers of the earlier years were of the size of a large room and were required to
consume huge amounts of electric power. However, with the advancing technology,
computers have shrunk to the size of a small watch. Depending on the processing
power and size of computers, they have been classified under various types. Let us
look at the classification of computers.

Different Types of Computers

Based on the operational principle of computers, they are categorized as
analog, digital and hybrid computers.

Analog Computers

analog computer

These are almost extinct today. These are different from a
digital computer because an analog computer can perform several mathematical
operations simultaneously. It uses continuous variables for mathematical operations
and utilizes mechanical or electrical energy. An analog computer operates in a quite different way. For a start, all operations in an analog computer are performed in parallel. Secondly, data are represented in an analog computer as voltages, a very compact but not necessarily robust form of storage (prone to noise corruption). A single capacitor (equivalent to the digital’s computer use of a transistor) in an analog computer can represent one entire continuous variable.

2. Digital Computers

Image result for digital computers Digital Computers

They use digital circuits and are designed to operate on two states, namely bits 0 and 1. They are analogous to states ON and OFF. Data on these computers is represented as a series of 0s and 1s. Digital computers are suitable for complex computation and have higher processing speeds. They are programmable. Digital computers are either general purpose computers or special purpose ones. Special purpose computers, as their name suggests, are designed for specific types of data processing while general purpose computers are meant for general use.Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally usingvacuum tubes. TheZ2, created by German engineerKonrad Zusein 1939, was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer.

In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world’s first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bitword length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was supplied on punched film while data could be stored in 64 words of memory or supplied from the keyboard. It was quite similar to modern machines in some respects, pioneering numerous advances such as floating point numbers. Rather than the harder-to-implement decimal system (used in Charles Babbage’s earlier design), using a binary system meant that Zuse’s machines were easier to build and potentially more reliable, given the technologies available at that time. The Z3 was Turing complete.

3. Hybrid Computers

Image result for hybrid computers Hybrid Computers

These computers are a combination of both digital and analog
computers. In this type of computers, the digital segments perform process control by conversion of analog signals to digital ones.Hybrid computers can be used to obtain a very good but relatively imprecise ‘seed’ value, using an analog computer front-end, which is then fed into a digital computer iterative process to achieve the final desired degree of precision. With a three or four digit, highly accurate numerical seed, the total digital computation time to reach the desired precision is dramatically reduced, since many fewer iterations are required. One of the main technical problems to be overcome in hybrid computers is minimizing digital-computer noise in analog computing elements and grounding systems.

Classification of Computers

The following are the classification of the different types of computers based
on their sizes and functionalities: Mainframe Computers: Large organizations use mainframes for highly critical applications such as bulk data processing and ERP. Most of the mainframe computers have the capacities to host multiple operating systems and operate as a number of virtual machines and can substitute for several small servers. Mainframe computers (colloquially referred to as “big iron”) are computers used primarily by large organizations for critical applications; bulk data processing, such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning; and transaction processing. They are larger and have more processing power than some other classes of computers: minicomputers, servers, workstations, and personal computers.

The term originally referred to the large cabinets called “main frames” that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers. Later, the term was used to distinguish high-end commercial machines from less powerful units. Most large-scale computer system architectures were established in the 1960s, but continue to evolve. Mainframe computers are often used as servers.

Image result for mainframe computers Mainframe Computers

Minicomputers: In terms of size and processing capacity, minicomputers lie in
between mainframes and microcomputers. Minicomputers are also called mid-range systems or workstations. The term began to be popularly used in the 1960s to refer
to relatively smaller third generation computers.

Minicomputer

Servers: They are computers designed to provide services to client machines in a
computer network. They have larger storage capacities and powerful processors.
Running on them are programs that serve client requests and allocate resources like
memory and time to client machines. Usually they are very large in size, as they have large processors and many hard drives. They are designed to be fail-safe and
resistant to crash.

Image result for server computer Server

Supercomputers: The highly calculation-intensive tasks can be effectively
performed by means of supercomputers. Quantum physics, mechanics, weather
forecasting, molecular theory are best studied by means of supercomputers. Their
ability of parallel processing and their well-designed memory hierarchy give the
supercomputers, large transaction processing powers.

Supercomputer

Microcomputers: A computer with a microprocessor and its central processing unit
it is known as a microcomputer. They do not occupy space as much as mainframes
do. When supplemented with a keyboard and a mouse, microcomputers can be
called personal computers. A monitor, a keyboard and other similar input output
devices, computer memory in the form of RAM and a power supply unit come
packaged in a microcomputer. These computers can fit on desks or tables and prove
to be the best choice for single-user tasks.

Micro Computer

Personal computers come in different forms such as desktops, laptops and
personal digital assistants. Let us look at each of these types of
computers.

Desktops: A desktop is intended to be used on a single location. The spare parts of
a desktop computer are readily available at relatively lower costs. Power
consumption is not as critical as that in laptops. Desktops are widely popular for daily
use in the workplace and households.

Image result for desktop computer
Desktop Computer

Laptops: Similar in operation to desktops, laptop computers are miniaturized and
optimized for mobile use. Laptops run on a single battery or an external adapter that
charges the computer batteries

Laptop Computer

Netbooks: They fall in the category of laptops, but are inexpensive and relatively
smaller in size. They had a smaller feature set and lesser capacities in comparison
to regular laptops, at the time they came into the market.

Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs): It is a handheld computer and popularly
known as a palmtop. It has a touch screen and a memory card for storage of data.
PDAs can also be used as portable audio players, web browsers and smart phones.
Most of them can access the Internet by means of Bluetooth or Wi-Fi
communication.

Tablet Computers: Tablets are mobile computers that are very handy to use. They
use the touch screen technology. Tablets come with an onscreen keyboard or use a
stylus or a digital pen. Apple’s iPod redefined the class of tablet computers.

Wearable Computers: A record-setting step in the evolution of computers was the
creation of wearable computers. These computers can be worn on the body and are
often used in the study of behavior modeling and human health. Military and health
professionals have incorporated wearable computers into their daily routine, as a
part of such studies. When the users’ hands and sensory organs are engaged in
other activities, wearable computers are of great help in tracking human actions.
Wearable computers do not have to be turned on and off and remain in operation
without user intervention.

REFERENCE:

1.http://blog.analogmachine.org/2012/03/15/analog-computers/ 2.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_computer 3.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#Digital_computers 4.https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/hybridco.htm 5.https://fi.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/VT100 6.https://computerhindinotes.com/mainframe-computer/mainframe-computer-2 7.https://www.istockphoto.com/my/photo/modern-server-room-interior-in-data-center-gm518406578-90020973 8.

COMPUTER: INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES

Input devices are composed of a device that accepts data and instructions from the user or from another computer system. It is a piece of computer hardware equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or information appliance.

TWO TYPES OF INPUT DEVICES

Keyboard Entry

Data is inputted to the computer through a keyboard. A piece of information fed manually into a computing system by means of a set of keys, such as a typewriter.

1.) Keyboard

The first input device developed for the PC. Data is transferred to the PC over a short cable with a circular 6-pin Mini-din connector that plugs into the back of the motherboard.

A computer keyboard is one of the primary input devices used with a computer that looks similar to those found on electric typewriters, but with some additional keys. Keyboards allow you to input letters, numbers, and other symbols into a computer that can serve as commands or be used to type text.

Keyboard

DIRECT ENTRY

A form of input that does not require data to be keyed by someone sitting at a keyboard. Direct-entry devices create machine-readable data on paper, or magnetic media, or feed it directly into the computer’s CPU.

THREE TYPES OF DIRECT ENTRY

1.) Pointing Devices

An input device used to move the pointer (cursor) on screen. A pointing device, or sometimes called a pointing tool, is a hardware input device that allows the user to move the mouse cursor in a computer program or GUI operating system. Using a pointing device allows you to point at or manipulate any object or text on the screen.

Mouse

The most common ‘pointing device’ used in PCs. Every mouse has two buttons and most
have one or two scroll wheels.A computer mouse is a hand-held pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows a smooth control of the graphical user interface.

Image result for Mouse

Mouse

Touch Screen

A display screen that is sensitive to the touch of a finger or stylus. Used in myriad applications, including ATM machines, retail point-of-sale terminals, car navigation and industrial controls. The touch screen became wildly popular for smart phones and tablets.

A touchscreen is an input device and normally layered on the top of an electronic visual display of an information processing system. A user can give input or control the information processing system through simple or multi-touch gestures by touching the screen with a special stylus or one or more fingers.

Image result for touch screen

Touch Screen

Light Pen

A light-sensitive stylus wired to a video terminal used to draw pictures or select menu options. The user brings the pen to the desired point on screen and presses the pen button to make contact.

A light pen is a computer input device in the form of a light-sensitive wand used in conjunction with a computer’s CRT display.

Light Pen

Digitizer Tablet

A graphics drawing tablet used for sketching new images or tracing old ones. Also called a “graphics tablet,” the user contacts the surface of the device with a wired or wireless pen or puck. Often mistakenly called a mouse, the puck is officially the “tablet cursor.”

A digitizer tablet is a peripheral device that allows users to draw on a computer screen. Tablets are typically used by artists working with graphics software such as Adobe Photoshop or Illustrator. Tablets allow for much more precise control than a mouse or trackball does by using a stylus like a pen.

A digitizer tablet is also known as a graphics tablet.

Digitizer Tablet

2. Scanning Devices

A device that can read text or illustrations printed on paper and translates the information into a form the computer can use. It is an electronic device which scans artwork and illustrations and converts the images to digital form for manipulation, and incorporation into printed publications. It is any machine which is used to examine, identify, or record things.

Image result for scanning devices

Image Scanner

Related image

Bar Code Reader

3. Voice- Input Devices

Audio input devices also known as speech or voice recognition systems that allow a user to send audio signals to a computer for processing, recording, or carrying out commands. Audio input devices such as microphones allow users to speak to the computer in order to record a voice message or navigate software.

A device in which speech is used to input data or system commands directly into a system. Such equipment involves the use of speech recognition processes, and can replace or supplement other input devices.

Image result for voice input devices

Voice-Input Devices

Output Devices is any device used to send data from a computer to another device or user. Most computer data output that is meant for humans is in the form of audio or video. Thus, most output devices used by humans are in these categories. Examples include monitors, projectors, speakers, headphones and printers.

1. Computer Display Monitor

It displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the monitor that displays the information is called the screen or video display terminal. A computer monitor is an electronic device that shows pictures for computers. Monitors often look similar to televisions. The main difference between a monitor and a television is that a monitor does not have a television tuner to change channels. Monitors often have higher display resolution than televisions. A high display resolution makes it easier to see smaller letters and fine graphics.

Types of Monitor

a. CRT Monitors

Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) were the only type of displays for use with desktop PCs. They are relatively big (14″ to 16″ deep) and heavy (over 15 lbs). The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube that contains one or more electron guns and a phosphorescent screen, and is used to display images. It modulates, accelerates, and deflects electron beam(s) onto the screen to create the images. The images may represent electrical waveforms (oscilloscope), pictures (television, computer monitor), radar targets, or other phenomena. CRTs have also been used as memory devices, in which case the visible light emitted from the fluorescent material (if any) is not intended to have significant meaning to a visual observer (though the visible pattern on the tube face may cryptically represent the stored data).

Image result for CRT MONITORS

CRT Monitors

b. LCD Monitors

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology has been used in laptops for some time. It has recently been made commercially available as monitors for desktop PCs. A liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor is a computer monitor or display that uses LCD technology to show clear images, and is found mostly in laptop computers and flat panel monitors. This technology has replaced the traditional cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors, which were the previous standard and once were considered to have better picture quality than early LCD variants.

Image result for lcd MONITORS

LCD Monitors

c. LED Monitors (Light Emitting Diode)

A display and lighting technology used in almost every electrical and electronic product on the market, from a tiny on/off light to digital readouts, flashlights, traffic lights and perimeter lighting. An LED monitor (short for Light Emitting Diode) or LED display is a flat screen, flat panel computer monitor or television. It has a very short depth and is light in terms of weight.

Image result for led MONITORS

LED Monitors

2. LCD Projectors

Utilize two sheets of polarizing material with a liquid crystal solution between them. An electric current passed through the liquid causes the crystals to align so that light cannot pass through them. Each crystal, therefore, is like a shutter, either allowing light to pass through or blocking the light. An LCD projector is a type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer data on a screen or other flat surface. It is a modern equivalent of the slide projector or overhead projector.

Image result for lcd projector

LCD Projector

3. Smart Board

A type of display screen that has a touch sensitive transparent panel covering the screen, which is similar to a touch screen. A smart board is an interactive white board. It can be connected to one or more laptops, PCs, tablets, or other electronic devices.

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Smart Board

4. Printer

A device that prints text or illustrations on paper. A printer is a peripheral device which makes a persistent human-readable representation of graphics or text on paper.

Types of Printer

a) Ink-Jet or Bubble-Jet Printer

Spays ink at a sheet of paper. Ink-jet printers produce high-quality text and graphics. An inkjet printer is a computer peripheral that produces hard copy by spraying ink onto paper. A typical inkjet printer can produce copy with a resolution of at least 300 dots per inch ( dpi ).

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Ink Jet Printer

b) Laser Printer

Uses the same technology as copy machines. Laser printers produce very high quality text and graphics. A laser printer is a popular type of personal computer printer that uses a non-impact (keys don’t strike the paper), photocopier technology.

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Laser Printer

c) LCD and LED Printer

Similar to a laser printer, but uses liquid crystals or light-emitting diodes rather than a laser to produce an image on the drum. Both LED (light emitting diodes) and LCD (liquid crystal display) printer technologies use a Xerographic printing process to produce their documents. However, their name derives from using either LEDs or LCDs and not a laser beam to transfer an electrostatic image to the photoreceptor.

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LCD and LED Printers

d) Line Printer

Contains a chain of characters or pins that print an entire line at one time. Line printers are very fast, but produce low-quality print. A line printer prints one entire line of text before advancing to another line.

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Line Printer

e) Thermal Printer

An inexpensive printer that works by pushing heated pins against heat-sensitive paper. Thermal printers are widely used in calculators and
fax machines. A thermal printer is a printer that makes use of heat in order to produce the image on paper. Due to quality of print, speed, and technological advances it has become increasingly popular and is mostly used in airline, banking, entertainment, retail, grocery, and healthcare industries.

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Thermal Printer

5. Speakers

Used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your computer. Computer speakers, or multimedia speakers, are speakers sold for use with computers, although usually capable of other audio uses, e.g. for an MP3 player.

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Speakers

STORAGE DEVICES

Storage device is any apparatus for recording computer data in a permanent or semi-permanent form. It is the device that performs a special task in computing system. Alternatively referred to as digital storage, storage, storage media, or storage medium, a storage device is any hardware capable of holding information either temporarily or permanently.

Types of storage devices

Floppy diskette

Is a random access, removable data storage medium that can be used with personal computers. The term usually refers to the magnetic medium housed in a rigid plastic cartridge measuring 3.5 inches square and about 2 millimeters thick. Also called a “3.5-inch diskette,” it can store up to 1.44 megabytes (MB) of data. A floppy disk, also called a floppy, diskette, or just disk, is a type of disk storage composed of a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic enclosure lined with fabric that removes dust particles. Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive (FDD).

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Floppy Disk Drive

Compact disc (CD)

Also called optical disc is a nonmagnetic, polished metal disk used to store digital information. The disc is read by the CD- ROM. Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony and released in 1982. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings (CD-DA) but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM).

Compact Disk

Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)

An optical disc technology with a 4.7 gigabyte storage capacity on a single-sided, one-layered disk, which is enough for a 133-minute movie. A DVD is a type of optical media used for storing digital data. It is the same size as a CD, but has a larger storage capacity.

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DVD

Jump drive and USB flash drive

Is a plug-and-play portable storage device that uses flash memory and is lightweight enough to attach to a key chain. A USB drive can be used in place of a floppy disk, Zip drive disk, or CD. USB flash drives are portable devices that make it easy to transfer computer files. USB jump drives and flash drives both use the same type of flash technology that allow files to be saved to the drive.

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Jump Drive

Hard drive

Is the main, and usually largest, data storage device in a computer. The operating system, software titles and most other files are stored in the hard disk drive. It is an electromechanical data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material.

Hard Drive

REFERENCES:

COMPUTER: SOFTWARE

Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices.
Software can be thought of as the variable part of a computer and hardware the invariable part. Software is often divided into application software (programs that do work users are directly interested in) and system software (which includes operating systems and any program that supports application software).

In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. Computer software includes computer programs, libraries and related non-executable data, such as online documentation or digital media. Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own.
A diagram showing how the user interacts with application software on a typical desktop computer.The application software layer interfaces with the operating system, which in turn communicates with the hardware. The arrows indicate information flow.
A diagram showing how the user interacts with application software on a typical desktop computer.The application software layer interfaces with the operating system, which in turn communicates with the hardware. The arrows indicate information flow.

A diagram showing how the user interacts with application software on a typical desktop computer.The application software layer interfaces with the operating system, which in turn communicates with the hardware. The arrows indicate information flow.

SOFTWARE:Application Software
Choosing the right application software for business or personal use can improve function and efficiency. If you don’t understand your options, you could wind up with something that doesn’t benefit your business or, worse yet, hurts your productivity, costing you time and resources. Understanding what types of application software are available to you, be they ready-made apps or custom app builds uniquely designed for your needs, will help you to more clearly assess all of your options.
An application is any program, or group of programs, that is designed for the end user. Applications software (also called end-user programs) include such things as database programs, word processor, Web browsers and spreadsheets.

Application software programs are created to facilitate a variety of functions, including but not limited to:

managing information
manipulating data
constructing visuals
coordinating resources
calculating figures

The most common application software programs are used by millions every day and include:

Microsoft suite of products (Office, Excel, Word, PowerPoint, Outlook, etc.)
Internet browsers like Firefox, Safari, and Chrome
mobile pieces of software such as Pandora (for music ap
preciation), Skype (for real-time online communication), and Slack (for team collaboration)

Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Power Point

Mozilla Firefox

Pandora Radio

SOFTWARE:OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system, or “OS,” is software that communicates with the hardware and allows other programs to run. It is comprised of system software, or the fundamental files your computer needs to boot up and function. Every desktop computer, tablet, and smartphone includes an operating system that provides basic functionality for the device.

The operating system manages a computer’s hardware resources, including:

Input devices such as a keyboard and mouse
Output devices such as display monitors, printers and scanners
Network devices such as modems, routers and network connections
Storage devices such as internal and external drives
Some operating systems were developed in the 1950s, when computers could only execute one program at a time. Later in the decade, computers included many software programs, sometimes called libraries, which were linked together to create the beginning of today’s operating systems.
The OS consists of many components and features. Which features are defined as part of the OS vary with each OS. However, the three most easily defined components are:
- Kernel: This provides basic-level control over all of the computer hardware devices. Main roles include reading data from memory and writing data to memory, processing execution orders, determining how data is received and sent by devices such as the monitor, keyboard and mouse, and determining how to interpret data received from networks.
- User Interface: This component allows interaction with the user, which may occur through graphical icons and a desktop or through a command line.
- Application Programming Interface- This component allows application developers to write modular code.

Examples of System Software:

ANDRIOD

LINUX

MICROSOFT WINDOWS XP

Anti Virus

REFERENCES:

1.searchmicroservices.techtarget.com/definition/so

2.https://www.google.com/https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.webopedia.comhtmltion.html

3. https://www.quickbase.com/-basics

4. https://www.google.com/search?q=ms+office+excel+logo&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjA-pX8g-zdAhUOZN4KHYCjCQQQ2-cCegQIABAB&oq=ms+office+excel+logo&gs_l=mobile-gws-wiz-img.3..0.4624.6547..6870…0.0..0.266.2180.2-9……0….1………0i8i30j0i24.ht0cuLZRMMs&ei=BaK1W4DkMo7I-QaAx6Yg&prmd=ivsn#imgrc=pokuRpXm4lP-eM

5. https://www.google.com/search?q=powerpoint&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwig3oiAhOzdAhUS62EKHT7zA3gQ2-cCegQIABAB&oq=power+point&gs_l=mobile-gws-wiz-img.1.0.0i10l5.235587.239500..241178…0.0..3.386.4196.2-14j2……0….1…….0..0j0i67.D1y5FXp_nO4&ei=DqK1W6AfktaHA77mj8AH&prmd=ivsn#imgrc=3kQFb1WwnsMRWM

6. search?q=firefox&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiIy_uthezdAhXCEHAKHRW3DPwQ2-cCegQIABAB&oq=firefox&gs_l=mobile-gws-wiz-img.1.0.0l5.131596.135214..135814…0.0..3.316.3222.2-10j2……0….1…….0..0i67.ob1tPiDxwWc&ei=eqO1W4imKsKhwAOV7rLgDw&prmd=ivsn#imgrc=iNv-Hxx

7. https://www.google.com/search?q=pandora+application&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiIiu2ohuzdAhUNFIgKHTmWBiMQ2-cCegQIABAB&oq=pandora+applica&gs_l=mobile-gws-wiz-img.1.0.0j0i24l4.4707.6221..6790…0.0..0.314.2058.2-7j1……0….1………0i67.Ja5ipSab00c&ei=fKS1W4jcGI2ooAS5rJqYAg&prmd=ivsn#imgrc=D-DuG5oL-8yBPM

8. https://techterms.com/g_system

9. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/3515/operating-system-os

10. https://www.google.com/search?q=kernel+operating+system&hl=en-US&prmd=ivn&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZ6ov-iOzdAhXjlVQKHebeB2YQ_AUICSgB&biw=360&bih=512#imgrc=GKXm47WukF_atM&imgdii=5xStMHosizK6OM

11. https://www.google.com/search?q=user+interface+operating+system+image&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj4wKvCiezdAhWNZN4KHRpmD_8Q2-cCegQIABAB&oq=user+interface+operating+system+image&gs_l=mobile-gws-wiz-img.3..33i10.63230.65357..65509…1.0..0.368.1819.2-4j2……0….1………0i30j0i5i30.3INDsJHcK0s&ei=16e1W7j5CY3J-QaazL34Dw&prmd=inv&biw=360&bih=512&hl=en-US#imgrc=rTnjH0Qb8D37AM&imgdii=UPTC3zHzk38xpM

12. www.google.com/search?q=application+programming+interfaces&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiYl43iiezdAhVS3WEKHd0wCcsQ2-cCegQIABAB&oq=application+programming&gs_l=mobile-gws-wiz-img.1.1.0l3j0i67j0.46712.220421..221622…51.0..1.367.10386.2-39j2……0….1…….0..0i30j0i24j0i5i30j0i8i30j0i10i24j0i13.u98S1aMTCZw&ei=Gai1W9imL9K6hwPd4aTYDA&prmd=inv&biw=360&bih=512&hl=en-US#imgrc=

13. https://www.google.com/VlPoL0aGM

14. https://www.google.com/-6UM

15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwareby

COMPUTER : INSIDE THE INTERNET

For many people, computer does not make any sense without the internet. But, what comes into your mind when you hear the word “Internet“?

What is Internet?

It is a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols. The internet originated with the U.S. government, which began building a computer network in the 1960s known as ARPANET. In 1985, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) commissioned the development of a university network backbone called NSFNET. The system was replaced by new networks operated by commercial internet service providers in 1995. The internet was brought to the public on a larger scale at around this time. The internet has greatly influenced and upgraded networking to global standards. Billions of internet users rely on multiple application and networking technologies, including:

Internet Protocol (IP) :

The internet’s primary component and communications backbone. Because the internet is comprised of hardware and software layers, the IP communication standard is used to address schemes and identify unique connected devices. Prominent IP versions used for communications include Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6).

Is Internet important for communicating?

Absolutely!

The internet is the most cost-effective communications method in the world, in which the following services are instantly available:

Email
Web-enabled audio/video conferencing services
Online movies and gaming
Data transfer/file-sharing, often through File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Instant messaging
Internet forums
Social networking
Online shopping
Financial services

How to access the Internet?

To access the internet world, you should use the web browser. A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for accessing information on the World Wide Web. Each individual web page, image, and video is identified by a distinct URL, enabling browsers to retrieve and display them on the user’s device. The most popular web browsers are: Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge, Internet Explorer, and Opera.

Social Media

Social Media is a websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking. It is an interactive computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via virtual communities and networks.
There are some famous websites that most people use to access social media, this includes:

Internet for Educational Purposes

You can use the internet for educational purposes. The growth of the Internet in the world provides many opportunities to many people around the world in many different ways. When students are considered, the use of the Internet is mainly for social and entertainment purposes. There are some sites that can give answers to your questions, can give some information about something, this includes the following:

References:

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2419/internet

COMPUTER: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Computers have both advantages and disadvantages. On one hand, they allow us to access the wealth of information that is available on the internet. They also allow us to analyze massive amounts of data very quickly, saving both time and money. On the other hand, some people worry that the increasing reliance on computers in our daily lives is beginning to prevent healthy social interactions.

•ADVANTAGES

The advantage of the computer is many. One advantage is their time saving natures. It is much quicker to type a letter than to write one with a pen. Using the computer save the natural resources by limiting our need of papers and pencils.
Computers offer a number of advantages, including giving users the ability to quickly and easily store and process data, allowing for the digitization of things like photographs, music, movies, and books. When connected to the Internet, computers allow users to near-instantly communicate with people all over the world and to access a vast amount of information, resources, and entertainment. Computers are also invaluable in running programs designed to aid in research of all kinds. If you have a hard assignments or homework, computer can help you to easier and faster finish your homework.

We believe the advantages greatly outweigh the disadvantages (although we may be biased). Below is a list of the main advantages and benefits you’ll get from using a computer.

Increase your productivity

Computers increase your productivity and with a good understanding of the software running on them you will become more productive at everything you do. For example, once you have a basic understanding of using a word processor you can create, store, edit, share, and print documents and letters. Each of these things was either impossible or much slower with all pre-existing technologies.

Connects you to the Internet

Connecting a computer to the Internet is what unlocks the power of the computer. Once connected to the Internet your choices and available options are almost limitless, and many of the benefits listed on this page are a computer that is connected to the Internet.

Can store vast amounts of information and reduce waste

Computers are capable of storing and accessing vast amounts of information. For example, a computer and devices like eBookreaders can store hundreds and if given enough storage could store millions of books. By being able to store books, documents, movies, pictures, and songs digitally, you can quickly find what you need with a search and share information between devices. It eliminates the need for paper and plastics used to make non-digital versions of the media.

Helps sort, organize, and search through information

A computer can also use its stored information more efficiently than any other device. In our earlier example, we mentioned the ability to store millions of books. Once those books are stored on a computer they can be sorted into categories, alphabetized, and can be searched to find exactly may be looking for in less than a minute. Trying to find the same text in a million books would take a human months if not years.

Get a better understanding of data

Computers can also give you a better understand of data and big data. For example, a business could have a database of items they’ve sold. Using that data, they can quickly identify what items sell best at what time of year, when to mark up or down an item, and what items are not selling. Having access to this type of information can give the business a better understanding of their customers and a competitive edge against their competitors.

Keeps you connected

Computers can help keep you connect with long distance friends and family over e-mailand social networking. You can also connect with millions of other people that share the same interests as you over online forums, chat, and VoIP services like Skype. Being able to connect to people all around the world is also an excellent way to meet people you would normally never meet.

Another great thing about the communication on the Internet is that it’s fast compared to other forms of communication. For example, you could send someone an e-mail on the other side of the planet, and it often arrives in less than a minute or at most a few minutes. Where snail mail (postal mail) would take days or even weeks to arrive.

Can help you learn and keep you informed

The computer and a computer connected to the Internet is a great learning tool and is something that can help answer almost any question and can teach you anything that interests you. You also have access to any news station in the world and can keep up-to-date with all of the latest news, weather, and stories around the world. You could learn a new profession by reading websites or watching videos. You could even sign up for online courses that teach you about any subject you’d learn in school.

Can make you money

Making money online

When connected to the Internet a computer can help you make money many different ways. For example, it is much cheaper to create and run an online store than having a physical store. Also, once online your store or product has a global audience, and you could potentially sell to anyone in the world.
In addition to helping you make money the computer with a spreadsheet is an excellent tool to help keep track of your finances and breakdown your spending habits.

Improves your abilities

Are you not the best speller, have poor grammar, not great at math, don’t have a great memory, or need help with something else. By using all of the computers abilities, you can improve all of your abilities or if you have a hard time learning you can rely on the computer to assist you.

Keep you entertained

With a computer you could store and listen to millions of songs, and watch a DVD and Blu-ray if you have a drive, and when connected to the Internet watch an endless amount of streaming and online video from popular sites like Amazon, Netflix, and YouTube.

One of the overwhelming advantages of the computer lies in its very necessity. Computer technology and use is of critical importance. Its ability for communication and storing data would represent another advantage. If connected to the internet, its ability to abtain resources would be another attribute. Along with data collection, the computer features different methods and manners to present this data, which makes it advantageous to the user.

•DISADVANTAGES
Although there are a lot of advantages to using a computer there are also many disadvantages to using a computer (like most things in life). Below is a list of all of the disadvantages to using a computer and what type of problems you may personally encounter while using a computer.

Carpal tunnel and eye strain

A computer requires a lot of repetitive movement that can lead to carpal tunnel syndrome. For example, moving your hand from your keyboard to a mouse and typing are all repetitive and can cause injuries. Taking breaks, keeping the proper posture, and understanding computer ergonomics can all help prevent or delay these injuries

Too much sitting

Too much of anything is bad and too much sitting for a long time and becoming a mouse potato can lead to health problems. Substituting a traditional desk for a standing desk is not a perfect solution, since it has been found that standing for long periods of time is not healthy, but can be better than sitting. The best solution is to take frequent breaks where you move around, stretch, and exercise.

Short attention span and too much multitasking

With today’s computers, computer devices, and the Internet we have all become hooked on instant gratification. As you use a computer and the Internet and get immediate answers to your questions and requests, you become accustomed to getting that quick dopamine fix. You can become easily frustrated when something doesn’t work or is not answered in a timely matter.

With a reduced attention span, it is also not uncommon to multitask more and work on more than one thing at the same time. Many studies show that multitasking is less productive, can cause more mistakes, and may even be bad for your brain.

REFERENCE:
1.https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-advantage-computer-126225 2.https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch001797.htm 3.https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch001798.htm 4.https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-advantages-disadvantages-computers-151335 5.https://www.enotes.com/people/ako6777 4.https://www.enotes.com/homework-

COMPUTER: IMPORTANCE TO ALL LIVING THINGS

Computer education in schools plays important role in students career development. Computer with the internet is the most powerful device that students can use to learn new skills and more advanced version of current lessons. Schools are around the globe teaching student’s basics of computers and internet.

The uses of computers and internet are growing day by day at high speed. In almost all business, companies, schools using computers for various official operations. New tech tools are coming that helping students to learn better.

Computers help students to draw the creativity on the computer such as by using windows paint program. If students are taking Hindi Classes or poem writing then they can do it by typing in Hindi on computers. If students are taking Mathematical classes they can use Microsoft Excel application to solve and understand questions.

2. Role of communication technology:

In the 21st century, technology plays a huge role in all facets of life, we always turn to computers to access information, create and express ourselves, communicate and collaborate, and track the achievement of learning outcomes. And as a part of smart city technology we must understand all factors of it.

Information Access:

Technology plays a central role in searching for information. Online reference material, such as Encyclopedia Britannica Online, offer vast amounts of content supplemented by engaging multimedia and interactive links. E-book collections offer thousands of texts, and the sheer number of online articles and journals devoted to every imaginable topic make research efficient and highly rewarding. Information technology thus plays a key role in the development of the autonomous learner.

Creativity and Self-Expression:

Information and communication technology also plays a role in expressing ourselves. Aided by the digital recording functions integrated into smartphones, tablets and other electronic devices, we are able to index the world the way they see it and add their own perspective to already existing bodies of knowledge to create original work. With audio, photo and video editing software and the various ways to post self-created media on the Web, we can not only access information but also contribute to its creation. The ability to be active members of the learning community, whether on the small scale of a school’s social media site or on the larger canvas of the entire World Wide Web, gives their work broader significance and affirmation.

Communication and Collaboration:

Information and communication technology provides more opportunities to communicate and collaborate. With Learning Management Systems such as Blackboard, many courses have an online space to participate in discussion threads and forums, chats, and video conferences. Collaborative functions in office applications allow us to view revisions and add comments in real time, making the process of relaying feedback more efficient.

Importance of computer in business

Computer speed up the business processes and systems with top quality. Today’s world computer is important to use to start any online and offline business. A computer is important to use in business to automate the manufacturing, marketing and, distribution process.

Computer help business to collect, manages, calculate, arrange, and visualize customer data and information. Computer helps to communicate faster with customer. It’s really important for the administration of the big or small organization and each field that manage resources and Opportunites.

Computer help creates marketing and advertising materials. Computer is used in business to create websites for business. The computer is important in business to automate the business transactions such as online banking, payment Gateway.

Computer is used around the world in almost all the private, government and home based business and organization. Without a computer, it’s impossible to conduct, run and grow the business. That’s why the computer is important to use in business organization and companies.

But let’s understand the importance and uses of computer in business. In following explanations I am including the commonly used computer and internet application that will explore the importance of computer in business.

10 Reasons in points what is the role of the computer in Business?

1. When anyone wants to start the business they use Computer

When you think and want to start or search business idea and facts then you start the computer, open the Internet browser and search innovative business ideas on Google. So, even before starting a business, million people daily search on Google new business ideas, website ideas, online business ideas, offline business or part time business ideas, home based business idea, travel business ideas, blogging business ideas, computer business ideas, data analytics business ideas and cloud storage business idea etc. and thousands other type of quires related to business.

Why? Because of computer search and find the information and data quickly and accurately. It’s the fastest method to share, get data and information related to business and career. That’s why billion people running or starting a business by using Computers.

2. When business owners start executing business idea and plans they use Computer

The role of computer in business is very productive when anyone starts executing business ideas and plans. To create business plan then business owners can use Microsoft Excel to perform financial calculation, marketing budget planning, visualization of data for seminars and meetings and analysis of data analytics to create innovative and unique valuable products and services.

Even if they don’t know how to create business plan, they can download the pre-defined and designed excel templates. They can also buy or purchased full business plan templates by using internet. They can also consult regarding the execution of their business idea, planning and implementation.

3. When they want to Print marketing and Advertising Material they Use Computer

Marketing and advertising is like a blood for business. Especially it’s very important for small business owners and home based businesses to survive. They need marketing and advertising material on daily basis. But to create marketing and advertising materials they have to use popular computer applications such as Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Office, Corel Draw, Adobe Illustrator and printer etc. with or on the computer. Without computer it’s tough to create such marketing material (images, videos, slideshows, business cards, letter head, brochure etc.) in quickly and accurately. And also using computer to create online and offline marketing materials it’s really important to use computer in Business.

4. When companies want to hire employees they use Computer

In general it means using Internet, but to use Internet they have to use Computer/laptop to access and run websites. Yes, they can use Mobile, but mobile is also a small version of computer. One more thing is that it’s not convincing so far to hire people using mobile phone.

But using computer accessing freelancing website and online job portal to hire employees and remote workers are very convincing and time savings. Time is very important for higher level productivity. So, hiring remote workers on fixed price, hourly and project based methods it really cut down the cost of conducting the business online and offline.

5. When organizations want to Advertise and Market their products and services they use Computer with internet connection

Online marketing is the fastest way that is utilized ever to advertise and market products and services around the world within few seconds. Every business owners want quick profit, more results and targeted and customer oriented marketing. Without computer and internet it’s not possible. Google is existed still today is not because you can search on free but they charge for advertisements. Google Adwords is their biggest revenue generating machine. Similarly, Facebook also provide advertisement and marketing services to small and big business companies. Everything that you see on the Internet is connected directly or indirectly with advertisement and marketing.

Everyone can promote their business online faster by using and creating effective online marketing strategies.

So the use of computer with internet is more effective.

6. When Businesses want to sell the products around the World they use Computer

As discussed in 5^th point that you not only market your products and services fast, but also you can sell the products on the Internet by targeting any country, state and city. Businesses use ecommerce website or create their own ecommerce website where they can sell the products and services to wider audience. Even home based business with 2-3 employees is making big profits by using technologies in business. That’s why it is with Internet become more powerful device to use in business.

7. Reduce the cost of product and service development

Big companies are using Hybrid Computer technologies to speed up the process and reduce the cost of manufacturing and production. Companies are using Robot’s in more complex and difficult works by replacing humans from dangerous environment. You can see Hybrid computers in transportation very soon.

Even in small business, marketing is automated, selling is automated, transactions are automated and hundreds of others things are automated by the use of Business Intelligence applications, artificial intelligence and clouding computing. All that is happening it’s because the use of computer in business.

8. Increase the demand of product and services

When cost of conducting business is low, then business can spend or will spend more money on Marketing and distribution process. That will increase the demand. Even after some time if demand goes negative due to negative demand curve or inflation or government policy change or unbalanced situation between demand and supply, they can modify, reconstruct, and remarket the products and services by using computer and Internet.

It’s because they have customer or client’s data. They collected this data by using business analytics tracking codes (such as Google Analytics code in the website) in the process of marketing and selling. They have feedback and reviews. So, they analyze that data to take future decision. As you know decision based on data is like risk management. In which data can help business consultant or entrepreneurs to take calculated risk and grow in the market silently.

9. Help to faster the business transactions and reports

It’s about Digital economy or cashless transactions in business. In every bank, you see employees are working on Computers, managing and handling daily cash withdrawal, transfers, cash deposits and checks etc. They are writing those details on the diary and also on computer applications. Most of the computer application need internet accesses, some application are banks own intranet based applications and other are offline such as Microsoft Office. Even now Microsoft Office 365 can be used online or cloud based application.

Even understanding computer in banking works can explore various things about the importance of computer in business. But similarly in businesses computer are used in every step. You find a computer in front office or reception, you can see employees working on computer, you can see managers are working on Laptops, you can see they are using transferring money, and communicating about net emails, mobile banking and payment gateway etc. Why? Because of in every part of business, we all have to use computer directly and indirectly. And sometime we use it as a customer and some time as a service provider.

10. Computer Help thousands of people worldwide to earn money by using Computer

If you visited cyber cafe, then you saw that cyber café owners is earning money and running cyber cafe business. They have 2-4-5 or 10 machines. They are creating your documents, checking results, printing documents and various other works only by using computer and his/her own brain.

Various online and offline IT related business are earning money by using computer and technologies. Someone selling computer and earning money, other one teaching computer earning money, someone selling computer application and earning money, someone is earning money by repairing computer. Etc. It’s amazing.

The importance of computers in our daily lives

REFERENCES

COMPUTER: PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES

Using a computer is very essential to all mankind so we should be familiarize to all it’s parts. Another thing that we must know is the OHS Policies and Procedures.

What is OHS Policies and Procedures?

Occupational Health and Safety. These are some ways or some things to do before, during and after using a computer. We must know this because it’ll keep us safe when using a computer. It is designed to prevent injuries, calamities, illness, etc. when performing some task related to computer. We also need to know some hazards. Here are some steps to do when you encounter a hazard.

Procedure

1. Identify the hazard
2. Clear the area close to the hazard
3. Partition the hazard off or clearly identify the area to protect other people from harm
4. If the hazard is easily and safely cleared, then do so
If not…
5. Report the hazard to the appropriate person (such as teacher in charge, principal etc.) to obtain assistance
6. Following clearing of the hazard fill out the correct documentation to assist in identifying improved practice to reduce further incidence of hazards.

In order to be keep safe while using or doing some installation on your computer, we also need to have some PPE.

What is PPE?

Personal Protective Equipment. It refers to the protective clothing, goggles, helmets or other gear that can keep one safe when encountering some hazards like electrical hazards and heat.

Here are some PPEs:

Goggles

A large spectacles, with shields around the rims, for protecting the eyes from dust, excessive light, wind, etc.

Rubber Sole

A special type of shoes used to prevent electrical shock and for waterproofing and insulating purposes.

Apron

A garment worn over the front of the body as a protection for one’s cloth.

Face Mask

A covering for the face to prevent the inhaling or absorbing dust and other chemicals

Gloves

The covering material with a separate sheath for each finger used for hand protection.
These are some precautionary measures we need to know:

Safety and Anti-Static Rules

Always use an anti-static wrist strap when working on a computer (except when working on monitors)
Always disconnect a computer from the AC power and from any powered peripherals while you are working on it.
Always grasp a metal part of the computer chassis with your bare hand before you touch anything inside. Do this even if you are wearing an anti-static wristband.
Always handle electronic components by a non-conducting (non-metallic) edge. Don’t touch the pins or other connectors.
Never plug an ATX power supply into AC power unless it is connected either to a computer’s motherboard or to a dummy test load.
Always use a UL-approved surge protector or an Uninterruptible Power Supply that incorporates surge and spike protection.
Never eat, drink, or smoke while working on a computer.

10 Tips while using the internet:

Patch, Patch, PATCH!
An unpatched machine is more likely to have software vulnerabilities that can be exploited. Turn on automatic updates.
Install protective software.
Sophos is available as a free download from IS&T’s software grid. Once installed, schedule Sophos to regularly scan and update your virus definitions automatically.
Choose strong passwords.
Strong passwords use a combination of letters, numbers, and special characters. Create a unique password for each account. LastPass can manage all of your passwords for you—and it’s free.
Back up on a regular basis.
Scheduling routine backups can protect you from the unexpected. Always keep a few months’ worth of retrievable backup. Download and install CrashPlan and learn how to back up your system.
Control access to your machine.
Don’t leave your computer in an unsecured, public area, especially if you’re logged on. This includes Athena clusters and Quickstations. The physical security of your machine is just as important as its technical security.
Use email and the internet safely.
Ignore unsolicited emails. Be wary of attachments, links, and forms in emails that come from people you don’t know, or which seem “phishy.” Avoid untrustworthy (often free) downloads. Learn more about dealing with spam at MIT.
Use secure connections.
When connected to the internet, your data can be vulnerable while in transit. Use remote connectivity and secure file transfer options when off campus.
Protect sensitive data.
Securely remove sensitive data files from your hard drive, especially when recycling or repurposing your computer. Protect sensitive files using the encryption tools built into your operating system.
Use desktop firewalls.
Mac and Windows computers use basic desktop firewalls to protect your computer files from being scanned. Make sure they are properly configured.
Most importantly, stay informed.
Stay current with the latest developments: Follow IS&T on Facebook and Twitter. Bookmark IS&T Secure Computing.

Always put safety first!